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THE 



Latin Subjunctive. 



by 



K. F. PENNELL. 



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5 



BOSTON: 

JOHN ALLYN. 

18T5. 



n ?4 



Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1875, by 

K. F. PENNELL, 

In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 



Cambridge: 
Press of yohn Wilson and SotK 



PREFACE. 



I have written this manual because I felt the need of 
a book that contained, in clear and concise language, 
the outlines of the Latin Subjunctive for preparatory 
schools. 

If a boy, under a competent teacher, learns thor- 
oughly the principles herein laid down, he will have 
enough insight into the subject to read intelligently any 
Latin author he will meet with before his Sophomore 
year in college. I think, too, under proper teaching, 
he will be able to write a grammatically correct Latin 
sentence. I wish here to say a word about writing 
Latin. Far too little attention is given to it in our 
preparatory schools ; and, worse than that, the student 
is generally tied down to some composition book, where 
meaningless sentences are heaped together, tiresome 
alike to both teacher and pupil. Let the student learn 
the Latin tongue as the Romans themselves used it, 
and from the pages which he is reading. 

A book of Ca3sar, studied with care, and memorized 
if time allows, will advance the beginner more than 
any manual for writing Latin. 



IV PREFACE. 

A word, too, about reading Latin at sight. If a 
teacher will only practise it with his classes, he will be 
surprised at their rapid improvement. It gives the 
student confidence in himself, and obviates the evils 
arising from the use of a translation. 

The examples given below are taken mostly from 
those authors generally read by students preparing 
for college. I have translated only such as 1 thought 
ought to be committed to memory by the learner. 
The others are simply for reference; an index to them 
will be found at the end of the book. 

I have consulted "freely Madvig, Zumpt, Key and 
Roby's Latin Grammars, and wish here to express my 
obligation to them. 

R. F. Pennell. 
The Phillips Exeter Academy, 
April, 1875. 



THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 

In a Conditional sentence, the Condition is called the 
Protasis, the Conclusion is called the Apodosis. 

The Protasis is regularly introduced by si, nisi, and 
sin. 

Conditions may be divided into three classes, present, 
past, and future, 

I. Present Conditions may be subdivided into two 
classes, (a) those which require the Indicative, (b) 
those which require the Subjunctive. 

a. Conditions referring to present time, without neces- 
sarily expressing any opinion as to their truth or fal- 
sity, take the Present Indicative, in both Protasis and 
Apodosis. 

Si vales, gaudeo. If you are well, I am glad ; i.e., 
1 do not know whether you are well or not, but, if you 
are, I am glad. 

Quae si manet, salvi etiam nunc esse possumus. 
(Cic. Rose. Am. LI. 150.) 

Sin haec mala fixa sunt, ego vero te quam primum, 
mea vita, cupio vi&ere. (Cic. Fam. XIV. 4, 1.) 

Nam si quis minorem gloriae fructum putat ex 
Graecis versibus percipi quam ex Latinis, vehementer 
errat. (Cic. Arch. 23.) 

1 



2 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

b. Conditions referring to present time, and con- 
trary to fact, take the Imperfect Subjunctive, in both 
Protasis and Apodosis. 

Si valeres, gauderem. If you were well (to-day), I 
should rejoice (to-day) ; i.e., you are not well, therefore 
J do not rejoice. 

Si ex his studiis delectatio sola peteretur, tamen 
hano aninii a&versionem humanissimam ac liberalis- 
simam judicaretis. (Cic. Arch. 16.) 

Si nihil animus praesentiret in posterum, . . . nee 
tantis se laborious frangeret, . . . nee totiens de ipsa 
vita dimicaret. (Id. 29.) 

Quae si videres, lacrimas non teneres. (Cic. Fara. 
VII. 30, 2.) 

II. JPast Conditions may be subdivided into two 
classes, (a) those which require the Indicative, (b) 
those which require the Subjunctive. 

a. Conditions referring to past time, without neces- 
sarily expressing any opinion as to their truth or falsity, 
take some past tense of the Indicative, in both Pro- 
tasis and Apodosis. 

Si Romam iit, regem vidit. If he went to Rome, 
he saw the king ; i.e., 1 do not know whether he went 
to Home or not, but, if he did, he saw the king. 

Si Apronium absolutum iri putabat, nihil erat quod 
ullum praejudicium vereretur. (Cic. Ver. Act. II., Lib. 
III. 153.) 

Si quicquam caelati aspexerat, manus abstinere non 
poterat. (Ver. Act. II., Lib. IV. 48.) 

Si qua in parte nostri laborare aut gravius premi 
videbantur, eo signa inferri Caesar aciemque constitui 
jubebat. (Cses. B. G. VII. 67.) 

b. Conditions referring to past time, and contrary 



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 3 

to fact, take the Pluperfect Subjunctive, in both Pro- 
tasis and Apoclosis. 

Si Romam iisset, regem vidisset. If he had gone 
to Rome, he would have seen the king; i.e., he did not 
go to Some, and therefore did not see the king. 

Nam nisi Ilias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui 
corpus ejus contexerat, nomen etiam obruisset. (Cic. 
Arch. 24.) 

Quae si commemorari noluisset, non tanto in con- 
ventu dixisset. (Cic. Ver. Act. I. 18.) 

III. Future Conditions may be subdivided into two 
classes, (a) those which require the Indicative, (b) 
those Avhich require the Subjunctive. 

a. Conditions referring to future time, without neces- 
sarily expressing any opinion as to their truth or fal- 
sity, take the Future Indicative in both Protasis and 
Apodosis ; but, when the Condition is conceived of as 
completed before the Conclusion begins, the Protasis 
takes the Future Perfect Indicative. 

Si quid habebit, dabit. If he has (shall have) any 
thing, he will give it ; i.e., I do not knoto lohether he 
will have any thing or not / but, if he does, he will 
give it. 

Dabunt, si voletis. (Cic. Ver. Act. II. Lib. III. 199.) 

Si quid liberius dixero, occultum esse poterit. 
(Cic. Rose. Am. I. 3.) 

De quo si vos vere ac religiose judicaveritis, aucto- 
ritas ea, quae in vobis remanere debet, haerebit. (Cic. 
Ver. Act* I. 3.) 

Remark. — We sometimes find the Future Perfect Indic- 
ative in both Protasis and Apodosis. 

Quae omnia si in patronum suum voluerit conferre, 
nihil egerit. (Cic. Rose. Am. 130.) 



4 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Pergratum miki feceris, si de amicitia disputaris. 
(Cic. Lael. 16.) 

b. Conditions referring to future time, still possible, 
though with a shade of improbability as to their fulfil- 
ment, take the Present /Subjunctive in both Protasis 
and Apodosis ; but, when the Condition is conceived 
of as completed before the Conclusion begins, the Pro- 
tasis takes the Perfect Subjunctive. 

Si quid habeat, det. If he were to have any thing, 
he would give it. 

Ego si abs te summa officia desiderem, minim neinini 
videri debeat. (Cic. Fam. V. 5, 2.) 

Ego si Scipionis desiderio me moveri negem, men- 
tiar. (Cic. Lael. 10.) 

Id si acciderit, simus armati. (Cic. Tusc. I. 32, 78.) 

Remark. — The Perfect Subjunctive is rarely found in 
the Apodosis. 

Qucs, ni mea cura resistat, jam flammae tulerint. 
(Verg. A. II. 600.) 

IV. # The flexibility of the Latin tongue allowed a 
writer to vary from the formulas given above. 

a. Present Conditions (subdivision a) may take, in 
the Apodosis, the Present Imperative. 

Quod si ea ignoratis, respicite G-alliam. (Ca3S. B. G. 
VII. 77.) 

Hanc vero nisi a vobis reicitis, videte quem in 
locum rem publicam perventuram putetis. (Cic. 
Rose. Am. 153.) 

Dubitate etiam nunc, judices, si potestis. (Id. 73.) 

b. Present Conditions (subdivision a) may also take, 

* Sections IV., V., VI., and VII., should be omitted by the 
student until he has learned thoroughly the simple conditions, with 
the first example under each, and can apply them wherever he 
sees them. 



CONDITIONAL * SENTENCES. 5 

in the Apodosis, the Present Subjunctive of exhor- 
tation, or command. 

Si quid in nobis animi est, hos latrones interflcia- 
mus. (C»s. B. G. VII. 33.) 

Bi nemo est, ipse agat. (Ovid, Metam. II. 390.) 
Qui homines primum, si stare non possunt, conruant. 
(Cic. Cat. II. 21.) 

c. Present Conditions (subdivision a) may also take, 
in the Apodosis, the Future Indicative. Here the Pro- 
tasis denotes instantaneous action. 

Perficietur bellum autem, si urgemus obsessos. (Li v. 
V. [4], 8.) 

Bi vincimus, omnia nobis tuta erunt. (Sail. Cat. 58.) 

d. Present Conditions (subdivision b) frequently 
take, in the Apodosis, the Pluperfect Subjunctive. 

Nee tu, si Atheniensis esses, clarus unquam fuisses. 
(Cic. C. M. 8.) 

Quae nisi essent in senibus, non summum con- 
silium majores nostri appellassent senatum. (Id. 19.) 

Bi hoc optimum factu judicarem, unius usuram, 
horae gladiatori isti ad vivendum non dedissem. 
(Cic. Cat. I. 29; cf. Cic. Rose. Am. 72, also Ver. Act. 
1.5.) 

Remark. — As the verb of the Protasis is subordinate to 
that of the Apodosis, its time may not be absolutely present, 
past, or future, but so only in reference to the leading verb ; 
i.e., the verb of the Apodosis. Hence, in conditions of the 
class just given, the Imperfect Subjunctive often denotes rela- 
tive present time, and must be translated by the English plu- 
perfect. 

Sometimes, also, the Imperfect Subjunctive in these con- 
ditions denotes past time brought down to the present. 

In a few cases it seems to be used in the sense of the PZw- 
perfect. 



6 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

e. Past Conditions (subdivision a) may take, in the 
Apodosis, the Present Indicative. 

Si quid venale habuit Heius, N desino quaerere cur 
emeris. (Cic. Ver. Act. II. Lib. IV. 10.) 

f Past Conditions (subdivision a) may also take 
the Future Indicative in the Apodosis. 

Mihi si haec condicio consulatus data est, ut omiiis 
acerbitates perferreni, feram. (Cic. Cat. IV. 1.) 

g. Past Conditions (subdivision b) frequently take, 
in the Apodosis, the Imperfect Subjunctive. 

Num igitur, si ad centesimum annum vixisset, senec- 
tutis eum suae poeniteret ? (Cic. C. M. 19.) 

Si quis horum dixisset, multo plura dixisse quam 
dixisset putaretur. (Cic. Rose. Am. 2.) 

Quas inimicitias si cavere potuisset, viveret. (Cic. 
Rose. Am. 17; cf. Ver. Act. I. 9.) 

h. Future Conditions (subdivision a) may take, in 
the Apodosis, the Future Imperative or the Subjunc- 
tive of Command. 

Expeditus facito ut sis, si inclamaro, ut accurras. 
(Cic. Att. II. 20, 5.) 

Id nisi perspicuum res ipsa fecerit, nunc adiinem 
culpae judicatote. (Cic. Rose. Am. 18.) 

%. Future Conditions (subdivision a) may take, in the 
Apodosis, the Perfect Indicative. 

Nisi res manifesta erit ita adlata, vicimus. (Cic. 
Ver. Act. II. Lib. III. 145.) 

V. a. The Imperfect Indicative of debere, decere, 
oportere, posse, and esse (with a gerundive or neuter 
adjective) is often found in the Apodosis of Present 
Conditions (subdivision b). 

Quae si dubia aut procul essent, tamen omnis 
bonos rei publicae subvenire decebat. (Sail. J. 85.) 



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 7 

Quod si Homae Cn. Pompeius privatus esset hoc 
tempore, tamen ad tantum bellum is erat deligendus. 
(Cic. Imp. Cn. P. 50.) 

Omnibus eum contumeliis onerasti, quern patris loco, 
si ulla in te pietas esset, colere debebas. (Cic. Phil. 
II. 99 ; cf. also Verg. G. II. 133, where erat is so used 
without a gerundive or neuter adjective.) 

b. The Perfect Indicative of the above-mentioned 
verbs may be used in the Apodosis of Past Conditions 
(subdivision b). 

Si ita Milo putasset, optabilius ei fuit dare. (Cic. 
Mil. 11 ; cf. Arch. 25.) 

c. Verbs denoting duty, necessity, possibility, pro- 
priety, wish, and also the active and passive periphras- 
tic conjugations, imply futurity in themselves. Hence 
the Present Indicative of such verbs may stand in the 
Protasis or Apodosis of Future Conditions. 

Si haec perturbare volumus, vitam periculosam 
reddemus. (Cic. Ver. Act. Lib. I. 38.) 

Neque enim bonitas nee liberalitas esse potest, si 
non per se expetantur. (Cic. de Offic. III. 118.) 

Tametsi meo jure possum, si quid in hac parte mihi 
non placeat, vituperare. (Cic. Rose. Am. 135 ; compare 
also Rose. Am. 72, where censes posse = potes.) 

Sudabunt, si Di volunt. (Ver. Act. II. Lib. III. 
157.) 

Remark. — In conditions of this class, the Imperfect Sub- 
junctive may be used, standing for the Present, to conform 
to the rule for u Sequence of Tenses." 

Neque mnnitiones Caesaris prohibere poterat, nisi 
proelio decertare vellet. (Caes. B. C. III. 44.) 

Pompey's direct thoughts were non possum . . . nisi 
velim. 



8 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

VI. a. The Protasis is sometimes implied in a word 
or phrase, or entirely omitted. 

Sulla hunc petentem repudiasset. (Cic. Arch. 25.) 
Here petentem = si petiisset. 

Is omni tempore nobilitatis f antor fuisset. (Cic. 
Rose. Am. 16.) Here the Protasis is implied in omni 
tempore. 

Et tibi, quod in alia causa non concederem, in 
hac concedam. (Id. 73.) The Protasis of concede- 
rem is implied in "in alia causa" z= si aliam causam 
dicerem. 

Ne istius quidem laudis ita sim cupidus. (Id. 2.) 
Here the Protasis is entirely omitted. 

Ut non omnem frugem neque arborem in omni agro 
reperire possis. (Id. 75.) Here, also, the Protasis is 
omitted. 

b. Under this head may also be placed the forms 
vellem, J should have wished, and mallem, I should 
have preferred, expressing a possibility now past ; also 
velim, I should wish, and malim, 1 should prefer, ex- 
pressing a present possibility. 

Utrum igitur has corporis an Pythagorae tibi malis 
vires ingeni dari ? (Cic. C. M. 33.) 

Ego vero me minus diu senem esse mallem quam 
esse senem ante quam essem. (Id. 32.) 

Vellem equidem idem posse gloriari quod Cyrus. 

(id.) 

Quod autem in senatu dixi, in eo velim fidem meam 
liberes. (Cic. Fam. XII. 7, 2.) 

c. The so-called "Dubitative" Subjunctive may also 
be mentioned here. 

Quid igitur timeam? Why, then, should I fear? 
(Cic. C. M. 67.) 



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 9 

Quam te memorem, virgo ! (Verg. A. I. 327.) 

Cur etiam secundo proelio aliquos ex suis amitteret ! 
(Os. B. C. I. 72.) 

Caesar said directly, cur aliquos es meis amittam! 
(Present Subjunctive.) 

d. The "Potential" Subjunctive is really an Apod- 
osis to a suppressed Protasis. 



e. The conclusion of an omitted condition is often 
expressed by the Indicative of convenit, debet, decet, 
licet, oportet, potest, or est (with a gerundive or neuter 
adjective implying propriety and the like). The Im- 
perfect of these verbs denotes present time, implying 
what ought to be, but is not; the Pluperfect denotes 
past time, implying tohat ought to have been, but icas 
not. 

Longum est dicere. It toould be tedious, t&c. 

Melius fuit. It would have been better. 

VII. General Conditions. 

a. We occasionally find the second person singular 
of the Subjunctive in the Protasis, and the Present 
Indicative in the Apodosis. Here the Conclusion 
denotes a universal truth, and the subject of the verb 
in the Condition is indefinite ; i.e., you = any one. 

At memoria minuitur, nisi earn eserceas. Hut the 
memory is always impaired, unless one exercises it. 
(Cic. C. M. 21.) 

In these clauses, denoting a general truth, the subor- 
dinate verb is not necessarily-introduced by a condi- 
tional particle. 



10 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Recte in senectute vivitur quoad muuus offici exse- 
qui possis. (Id. 72.) 

Nam et priusquam incipias, consulto, et ubi con- 
sulueris mature facto opus est. (Sail. Cat. 1.) 

Ubi de magna virtute et gloria bonorum memores, 
quae sibi quisque facilia factu putat, aequo animo 
accipit. (Id. 3.) 

Ubi intenderis ingenium, valet. (Id. 51.) 

Ubi seccrdiae te atque ignaviae tradideris, nequid- 
quam deos implores. (Id. 52.) 

Here implores is in the Subjunctive rather than the 
Indicative, as it is the Conclusion of a suppressed Con- 
dition. Cf. VI. a. 

b. Sentences denoting a customary or repeated action 
take the Imperfect Indicative in the leading clause, and 
the Pluperfect Indicative, with cum, ubi, si, ut (when- 
ever), &c, in the subordinate clause. 

Cum in eum locum, unde erant egressi, reverti 
coeperant, ab iis, qui proximi steterant, circumvenie- 
bantur. (Cses. B. G. V. 35.) As often as they 
began to return to the place from which they had set 
out, they were cdioays surrounded by the men icho had 
stood nearest them. Cf. Caas. B. G. IV. 26, ubi . . . 
conspexerant, . . . adoriebantur. 

Caesar, in the " Gallic War," V. 35, seems to use sin 
with the Imperfect Subjunctive in the same sense. 

Bin autem locum tenere vellent, nee virtuti locus 
relinquebatur, neque ab tanta multitudine conjecta 
tela conferti vitare poterant. Whenever^ on the other 
hand, they wanted to hold their ground, no opportunity 
was left for displaying valor ; nor could they, crowded 
together as they were, dodge the darts hurled by so vast 
a multitude. 



CONDITIONAL SENTENCES. 11 

Remark. — This use of the Imperfect and Pluperfect 
Subjunctive is common in Livy and Tacitus. 



VIII. Subordinate and Leading Verbs. 

A subordinate verb is one introduced by a (a) causal, 
(b) concessive, (c) conditional, (d) consecutive, (e) final, 
(f) interrogative, (g) relative, or (Ji) temporal particle, 
or j^ronoun. 

a. Cum (since), quando (whilst), quandoquidem 
(since), quia, quod (because), quoniam, quippe (foras- 
much as). 

b. Cum (although), etsi, etiamsi, tametsi, licet (al- 
though), quamquam, quamvis. 

c. Si, sin, nisi, ni, dummodo, modo, dum (provided 
only). 

d. Ut, quin, quominus. 

e. Ut, ne. 

f. Si (whether), cur, — ne, qualis, quamobrem, quan- 
do, quantus, quapropter, quare, quis, quot, quoties, 
ubi, unde, ut (how). 

g. Qui, quantus, qualis, quot, quoties, ubi, unde. 

h. Antequam, cum (when), donee, dum, postquam, 
priusquam, quamdiu, quoad, ubi (as soon as), ut (as 
soon as). 

A leading verb is one not introduced by any of the 
above-mentioned words. 



IX. Sequence of Tenses. 

Primary tenses follow Primary tenses. Secondary 
tenses follow Secondary tenses. 



12 



THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 



Primary tenses 
of the Indicative, 



Primary tenses 
of the Subjunctive, 

Secondary tenses 
of the Indicative, N 

Secondary tenses 

of the Subjunctive, 
Legatis imperat, 
Legatis imperabit, 
Legatis imperavit, 
Legatis imperaverit, 
Legatis impera 
He orders, 
He will order, 
He has ordered, 
He will have ordered, 
Order 
Rogat, 
Ho gab at, 
Rogavit, 
Rogaverat 
He asks (historical), 
He was asking, 
He asked, 
He had asked 



Present, 

Two Futures, 

Perfect Definite (with have), 
also 

Imperative. 
) Present (Incomplete action), 
) Perfect (Complete action). 

Present Historical, 

Imperfect, 

Perfect Indefinite (without 
have), 

Pluperfect. 

Imperfect (Incomplete action), 

Pluperfect (Complete action). 



Y ut Romam eant. 



the ambassadors to go to Rome. 



1 



ut curaret. 



> him to attend. 



FINAL CLAUSES. 13 

Exc. a. In Consecutive clauses the Perfect Subjunc- 
tive is regularly used after Secondary tenses instead 
of the Pluperfect. 

Dixerunt tantum esse eoruni omnium furorem, ut ne 
Snessiones quidem deterrere potuerint. (Caesar, B. G. 
II. 3.) 

Tanta diligentia fuit, ut ad L. Lentulum praetorem 
et ad judices venerit. (Cic. Arch. 9.) 

Exc. b. In Present and Past conditions (subdivision 
b) the verb of the Protasis always remains the same 
after both Primary and Secondary tenses. 

Dicit se, si valeres, gavisurum esse. 

Dicit se, si valuisses, gavisurum fuisse. 

He says that he would be happy if you were well. 

He says that he would have been liappy if you had 
been well. 

Exc. c. The Perfect Definite is frequently followed 
by a Secondary tense. 

Quae me igitur res praeter ceteros impulit, ut causam 
Sexti Rosci reciperem ? (Cic. Rose. Am. 2.) 

X, Final Clauses. 

Final Clauses, i.e., clauses denoting the purpose of 
an action, introduced by ut (uti), qui, ubi, and unde, or 
negatively by ut ne and ne, take the Subjunctive. 

Final Clauses may be divided for convenience into 
three classes : (a) pure clauses of purpose, (b) substcm- 
tive clauses of purpose, (c) relative clauses of purpose. 

a. Pure clauses of purpose denote the simple pur- 
pose or design of an action, and answer the question 
why. 

Romam ibo ut regein videam. I shall go to Rome 



14 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

to see the king; i.e., the purpose of my going to Rome 
is to see the king. 

Hue magno cursu contenderunt, ut quam minimum 
spatii ad se colligendos armandosque Romanis daretur. 
(Caesar, B. G. III. 19.) 

Remark. — A pure clause of purpose is introduced nega- 
tively by ne (ut ne) and not ut non. 

Sed ne cui vestrum mirum esse videatur me hoc 
uti genere dicendi, quaeso a vobis. . . . (Cic. Arch. 3.) 

Remark. — Instead of ut, we often find quo (= ut eo) 
in pure clauses of purpose, especially when there is a com- 
parative in the sentence. 

Atque eo fecisse, quo inter se fidi magis forent. 
(Sail. Cat. XXII.) 

b. Substantive clauses of purpose may be treated 
like a neuter noun, and be put in the nominative or 
accusative, and sometimes other cases, as the construc- 
tion of the sentence may require. 

(1) Substantive clauses of purpose are used as the 
object of verbs signifying to admonish, advise, beg, 
command, compel, decree, exhort, permit, persuade, strive, 
wish. 

Caninius me admonuit ut. scriberem ad te. (Cic. 
Fam. IX. 6, 1.) 

Monet ut omnes suspiciones vitet, (Ca3S. B. G. 
I. 20.) 

Orat atque obsecrat ut sibi parcafc. (Ca3S. B. C. 
I. 22.) 

Deinde reliquae legiones cum tribunis militum egerunt 
uti Caesari satisfacerent. (Id. B. G. I. 41.) 

Cum egerunt == urged upon / i.e., begged. 

Hortatur eos, ne animo deficiant. (Id. B. C. I. 19.) 



FINAL CLAUSES. 15 

Suis imperavit ne quod omnino teiuni in hostes reice- 
rent. (Caes. B. G. I. 46.) 

Persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis esirent 
(Id. I. 2.) 

Nee me solum ratio ac disputatio impulit ut ita cre- 
derem. (Cic. C. M. 77.) 

Sequanisque permitteret, ut, quos illi haberent, volun- 
tate ejus reddere illis liceret. (Cass. B. G. I. 35.) 

Omnis homines niti decet, ne vitam silentio transeant. 
(Sail. Cat. 1.) 

Contendit ut earn partem insulae caperet. (Caes. 
B. G. V. 8.) 

Senatus censuisset uti Aeduos defenderet. (Id. 
I. 35.) 

Exc. a. Jubeo, veto, patior, and cogo usually take 
an Infinitive with its subject accusative, instead of a 
subjunctive clause. 

Omnem senatum ad se convenire jussit. (Caes. 
B. G. II. 5.) 

Ab legionibus legatos discedere vetuerat. (Id. 20.) 

Reliquos ne in locis quidem superioribus consistere 
patiuntur. (Id. III. 6.) 

Qua me uti res publica coegit. (Cic. Rose. Am. 143.) 

Remark. — Cogo and patior take an ut clause occasion- 
ally. (Cf. Cass. B. G. I. 6, also 45.) 

Exc. b. Nitor and contendo often take a comple- 
mentary Infinitive. ' 

Summa vi Cirtam irrumpere nititur. (Sail. J. 25.) 

Milites summa vi transcendere in nostrum naves ccn- 
tendebant. (Caes. B. G. III. 15.) 

Exc. c. Verbs of wishing, as volo, cupio, etc., also 
take the simple Infinitive (with or without a subject 



16 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

accusative), especially if the subject of both the Infin- 
itive and its verb is the same. 

Eorum alter iter per Biciliam facere voluit. (Cic. 
Ver. IV. 61.) 

Cupio me esse clementem. (Cic. Cat. I. 4.) 

(2) Substantive clauses of purpose are used as the 
object of verbs signifying to fear. Here ut is used 
when the object is desired, and is to be translated by 
"that not;" ne is used when the object is not desired 
and is to be translated by " that? or " lest? Instead 
of ut, we occasionally find ne non. 

Nam ne ejus snppllcio Divitiaci animum offenderet 
verebatur. (Cses. B. G. I. 19.) For he feared that his 
punishment would offend the feelings of Divitiacus; 
i.e., he did not wish to offend Divitiacus. 

Bed ilia duo vereor ut tibi possim concedere. (Cic. 
Orat. I. 35.) But I fear that I cannot grant those two 
things to you; i.e., I wish I could grant them. 

(3) Substantive clauses of purpose are used with ne 
and quoniinus after verbs and phrases denoting hin- 
drance, resistance, or reason against a thing; e.g., 
caveo, deterreo, impedio, interdico, intercede, obsisto, 
obsto, officio, prohibeo, recuso, repugno, retineo, stare per, 
tempero, teneo (to withhold). 

Cavete, judices, ne nova proscriptio instaurata esse 
videatnr. (Cic. Rose. Am. 153.) 

Hos multitudinem deterrere ne'frumentum conferant. 

(Id. 17.) 

Multitudo ne circumvenire queat, prohibent angus- 
tiae loci. (Sail. Cat. 58.) 

Neque illis superbia obstabat quominus aliena insti- 
tuta imitarentur. (Id. 51 ; cf., in the same chapter, 
hanc causam quominus = " a reason against" a course. 



FINAL CLAUSES. 17 

Caesar ubi cognovit per Afranium stare quoniinus 
proelio dimicaretur. (Caes. B. C. I. 41.) 

Quae tenebantur, quominus in eundem portum venire 
possent. (Id. B. G. IV. 22.) 

Per eos, ne causam di^eret, se eripuit. (Id. I. 4.) 

Retineri non poterant quin conicerent. (Id. 47.) 

Remark I. — Prohibeo frequently takes the Infinitive. 

Ipsi nostros intra munitiones ingredi prohibebant. 
(Caes. B. G. V. 9; cf. Id. II. 4.) 

Remark II. — Deterreo, impedio, and recuso occasion- 
ally take the Infinitive. 

Conimemorare deterreor. (Cic. Ver. Act. I. 14.) 
Me enim impedit pudor haec exquirere. (Id. Or. I. 

163.) 

Neque apertus est quisquam, qui rnori recusaret. 

(Caes. B. G. III. 22.) 

Remark III. — Notice that -when the verbs named under 
(1) are in the passive voice, the substantive clause becomes 
their subject, and is, of course, in the ]Sio initiative. 

A ceteris forsitan petitum sit ut dicerent. (Cic. 
Rose. Am. 4.) 

(4) Substantive clauses of purpose are used with 
quin, after verbs and phrases of doubting, neglecting, 
opposing, refraining, when there is a negative expressed 
or implied. 

Non dubitare quin de omnibus obsidibus gravissimum, 
supplicium sumat. (Cses. B. G. I. 31.) 

Neque abest suspicio quin ipse sibi mortem con- 
sciverit. (Caes. B. G. I. 4.) 

Neque dubitare quin una cum reliqua Gallia Aeduis 
libertatem sint erepturi. (Id. I. 17.) 

2 



18 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Non esse dubium, quin totius Galliae plurimum Hel- 
vetii possent. (Cass. B. G. I. 3.) 

Silentio praeterire non fuit consilium, quin utriusque 
naturam aperirem. (Sail. Cat. 53.) 

Silentio praeterire quin = " refrain from? 

Non fuit recusandum quin res publica multa per- 
deret. (Cic. Marc. I. 24.) 

Neque illis diutius ea uti licuisset quin . . . estorqueret. 
(Sail. C*t. 39.) 

Remark I. — Non dubitare = " not to hesitate ," takes a 
complementary Infinitive. 

Ipsi transire flumen non dubitaverunt. (Caas. B. G. 
II. 23.) 

With this meaning it rarely takes a clause with quin. 

Qua re nolite dubitare quin huic uni credatis omnia. 
(Gic. De Imp. Pomp. 68.) 

Remark II. — Recuso with a negative takes a clause in- 
troduced by quominus as well as quin. 

Sese neque recusaturos quominus . . . essent. (Caes. 
B. G. I. 31.) 

(5) Substantive clauses of purpose are used in appo- 
sition to nouns or neuter pronouns, and hence are in 
the same case as the noun to which they are joined. 

Dat negotium Benonibus uti ea, quae apud eos 
gerantur, cognoscant. (Cses. B. G. II. 2.) 

Here the clause ut . . . cognoscant is in the accusative, 
in apposition to negotium. 

Poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur. (Id. 
1.4.) 

Id est initum consilium, ut nemo relinquatur. (Cic. 
Cat. IV. 4.) " 

Here ut . . . relinquatur is in the nominative case, in 
apposition to consilium. 



FINAL CLAUSES. 19 

Sed ea condicione, ne quid postea scriberet. (Cic. 
Arch. 25.) 

Here ne . . . scriberet is in the ablative case, in appo- 
sition to condicione. Cf. the phrase "dare operam," 
which also governs an object clause of purpose. 

Cicero legatis praecepit ut dent operam uti eos 
quam maxime manifestos habeant. (Sail. Cat. 41.) 

(6) Substantive clauses of purpose are used as the 
subject of necesse est or oportet. The particles, ut, 
ne, ut ne, are generally omitted. 

Ex luxuria exsistat avaritia necesse est. (Cic. 
Rose. Am. 75.) 

Ego crimen oportet diluam. (Id. 36.) 

Remark. — These verbs more frequently take an Infin- 
itive as a subject. 

Damnatum poenam sequi oportebat. (Caas. B. G. 
1.4.) 

Quorum eos in vestigio poenitere necesse est. (Id. 
IV. 5.) 

c. ^Relative clauses of purpose are introduced by qui, 
ubi, and unde, and take their verb in the Subjunctive. 
Here qui = ut with a personal or demonstrative pro- 
noun ; ubi = ut ibi ; unde = ut inde. 

Legatos ad eum mittunt, qui doceant. (Caes. B. G. 

V.l.) 

Here qui = ut ii. 

Bellum novum exoptabat, ubi virtus enitescere pos- 
set. (Sail. Cat. 54.) 

d. Ut is often omitted before the Subjunctive, espe- 
cially after volo and its compounds, the imperative die 
and fac, and verbs of reminding, advising^ &c, and in 
the Oratio obliqua after verbs of commanding and the 
like. 



20 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Tibi in mentem veniat facito. (Cic. Rose. Am. 74.) 
Hortatur ab eruptionibus caveant. (Caes. B. C. 
I. 21.) 

Huic mandat adeat. (Id. B. G. III. 11.) 

e. Ne is often omitted after cave. 
Cave ignoscas. (Cic. Lig. 16.) 

f. The leading clause, upon which the final clause 
depends, is sometimes omitted. 

Ne diutius teneam. (Cic. Rose. Am. 20.) 
Ne illi corruptis moribus victoriae temperarent. 
(Sail. Cat. 11.) 

g. There are eight different ways of expressing pur- 
pose ; e.g., " He came to Rome to ask peace" may be 
written: — 

(1) Roniam venit ut pacem peteret (pure final 
clause) ; 

(2) Romam venit qui (= ut is) pacem peteret (rela- 
tive clause of purpose) ; 

(3) Romam venit ad pacem petendum (not common) 
(gerund) ; 

(4) Romam venit ad pacem petendam (gerundive) ; 

(5) Romam venit pacem petendi causa (or gratia) 
(gerund with causa) ; 

(6) Romam venit pacis petendae causa (or gratia) 
(gerundive with causa) ; 

(7) Romam venit pacem petiturus (future active 
participle) ; 

(8) Romam venit pacem petitum (former supine). 

XI. Consecutive Clauses. 

Consecutive clauses, i.e., clauses denoting the result 
of an action, introduced by ut (uti), qui, ubi, and unde, 



CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. 21 

or negatively by ut non, qui non (quin), take the Sub- 
junctive. 

Consecutive clauses may be divided for convenience 
into three classes : (a) pure clauses of result, (b) sub- 
stantive clauses of result, (c) relative clauses of re- 
sult. 

a. Pure clauses of result denote the simple result of 
an action. 

Romam tantus terror invasit, ut Lentulus ex urbe 
profugeret. So great terror prevailed at Rome, that 
Lentulus fled from the city. (Cass. B. C. I. 14.) 

Quod usque eo visum est indignum, ut urbe tota 
fletus gemitusque fieret. (Cic. Rose. Am. 24.) 

Remark. — A clause of result is introduced negatively by 
ut non (not ne) and quin.* 

Reliquos ita perterritos egerunt ut non fuga desis- 
terent. (Cass. B. G. 4, 12.) 

b. Substantive clauses of result may be treated like 
a neuter noun, and be put in the nominative or accusa- 
tive case, as the construction of the sentence requires. 

(1) Substantive clauses of result are used with ut 
and ut non as the object of facio, efficio, perficio, and 
verbs of like meaning. 

Fecerunt ut consimilis fugae profectio videretur. 
(Cass. B. G. II. 11.) 

Quae res, ut oomrneatus sine periculo ad eum por- 
tari possent, efrlciebat. (Id. 5.) 

Ipse diligentia perfecit ut Sex. Rosci vita sententiis 
judicum permitteretur. (Cic. Rose. Am. 149.) 

Remark. — When the above verbs are in the passive voice, 
the clause that would have been their object in the active 
now becomes their subject. 

* For quin vfithjinal clauses, see X. b. (4). 



22 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Ita fit ut adsint. Thus it happens that they are 
here. (Cic. Rose. Am. 1.) 

Ut adsint is the subject of fit. 

His rebus fiebat ut minus late vagarentur. (Cses. 
B. G. I. 2.) 

(2) Substantive clauses of result are used with ut 
and ut non, as the subject of accidit, contingit, placet 
(sometimes), reliquum est, relinquitur, restat, sequitur, 
longe abest, tantum abest, and esse (with or without 
a predicate noun or adjective). 

Casu accidit, ut id primus nuntiaret. (Cic. Rose. 
Am. 96.) 

Utinam Caesari contigisset ut esset senatui carissi- 
mus. (Cic. Phill. V. 49.) 

Placuit ei ut ad Ariovistum legatos mitteret. (Caes. 
B. G. I. 34.) 

Reliquum est ut egomet mihi consulam. (Nep. 
Att. 21, 5.) 

Relinquebatur ut neque longius ab agmine legionum 
discedi Caesar pateretur. (Cses. B. G. V. 19.) 

Restat igitur ut motus astrorum sit voluntarius. 
(Cic. N. D. II. 44.) 

Sequitur ut hoc subiciatur. (Quint. III. 8, 23.) 

For longe abest and tantum abest, consult Latin 
Lexicon, under absum. 

Jus est belli ut, qui vicerint, imperent. (Cses. B. G. 
I. 36.) 

Fore uti pertinacia desisteret. (Id. 42.) 

Eemark I. — In Cses. B. G. II. 10, we find optimum 
esse with both an Infinitive and ut clause as its subjeet ; i.e., 
reverti and (ut) convenirent are both the subject of esse. 

Remark II. — Contingit is sometimes followed by the 
Infinitive. 



CONSECUTIVE CLAUSES. 23 

Celeriter antecellere omnibus ingeni gloria contigit. 
(Cic. Arch. 4.) 

Remark III. — Accedit (add to this) is more commonly 
followed by a clause introduced by quod, but sometimes by 
an ut clause. 

Hue accedebat quod L. Sulla exercitum lusuriose 
nimisque liberaliter habuerat. (Sail. Cat. XL) 

Accedebat etiam ut caecus esset. (Cic. C. M. 16.) 

Remark IY. — Placet usually takes an Infinitive with the 
dative. 

Parti placuit oastra defendere. (Caes. B. G. III. 3.) 

Remark Y. — In substantive clauses of result, ut non is 
regularly used instead of ne (ut ne) ; but we occasionally 
find the latter. 

Fecit populus Romanus ut ne de honore deicerer. 
(Cic. Ver. I. 25.) 

Id ne fieri posset, obsidione atque oppidi circum- 
munitione fiebat. (Caes. B. C. I. 19.) 

c. Relative clauses of result, introduced by qui, ubi, 
unde, or cum (at a time when), take their verb in the 
Subjunctive: — 

(1) When qui = ut with a personal or demonstra- 
tive pronoun. 

Is sum qui illud faciam. Jam the man to do that. 
Quis potest esse tam aversus a vero qui neget. 
(Cic. Cat. III. 21.) 

(2) When qui = ejusmodi ut. 

Sunt qui putent. There are some who think. 
Fuere qui crederent. (Sail. Cat. 17.) 
Erat nemo in quern ea suspitio conveniret. (Cic. 
Rose. Am. 65.) 

Nihil est cujus partem ullam reliquerint. (Id. 71.) 



24 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Quis enini erat, qui non videret. (Id. 136.) 

Habes ubi ostentes. (Cic. Cat. I. 26.) 

Hoc tunmltu proximo cum omnium nobilium digni- 
tas in discrimen veniret. (Cic. Rose. Am. 16.) 

Here cum = quo tempore. 

Fuit antea tenipus, cum Germanos Galli virtute 
superarent. (Cses. B. G. VI. 24.) 

Remark. — After general negatives or interrogative ex- 
pressions implying a negative answer, instead of qui non, 
we may use quin. 

Vestrum nemo est quin intellegat. (Cic. Rose. Am. 
154.) 

(3) When qui is preceded by dignus, indignus, ido- 
neus, and aptus. 

Dignus est qui imperet. lie is worthy to rule. 

Digna enim fuit ilia natura, quae meliora vellet. 
(Quint. X. 1, 131.) 

Idoneus non est qui impetret. (Cic. De Imp. Pomp^ 
57.) 

Nulla videbatur aptior persona quae de ilia aetat^ 
loqueretur. (Cic. Lael. 4.) 

Remark. — Ut is rarely used instead of qui, while tl 
poets often use the Infinitive instead of a relative clause. 

(4) When qui is preceded by unus, solus, primus, 
and in restrictive clauses. 

Non electus unus, qui possem dicere. (Cic. Roi 
Am. 4.) 

Solus es cujus in victoria ceciderit nemo nisi 
armatus. (Cic. Deiot. 34.) 

Quod sciam = quantum scio. So far as I JcnOio. 
(Cic. Rose. Am. 17.) 

Servus est nemo, qui modo tolerabili condicione sit 






OTHER USES OF QUI WITH SUBJUNCTIVE. 25 

servitutis, qui non audaciam civium perhorrescat. 
(Cic. Cat. IV. 16.) 

Here qui ... sit is a restrictive clause = " at least in 
any tolerable condition of slavery ; " but qui . . . per- 
horrescat is a simple result clause, where qui = ejus- 
modi ut. 

(5) When qui is preceded by a comparative with 
quam. 

Non longius hostes aberant, quam quo telum adici 
posset. The enemy were no further off than a dart's 
throw. (Cses. B. G. II. 21.) " 

Remark. — Qui, in this construction, can be used with 
the Indicative. 

Cum neque nostri longius, quam quern ad finem por- 
recta loca aperta pertinebant, cedentes insequi auderent 
(Id. 19.) 

I XII. Other Uses of Qui with the Subjunctive. 

a. Qui, when equivalent to cum (since), with a per- 
gonal or demonstrative pronoun, may take the Sub- 
junctive. 

Qui in sua re fuisset egentissimus, erat insolens in 
aliena. (Cic. Rose. Am. 23.) 

Hie vehementer errat, qui Volteium corrumpi pecu- 
ia putet posse. (Id. Ver. II. in. 156.) 

O fortunate adulescens, qui tuae virtutis Homerum 
graeconem inveneris. (Id. Arch. 24.) 

Remark. — Frequently qui is strengthened by ut, utpote, 
praesertim, or quippe (though the Indicative is found with 
the last two). Cf. Cass. B. G. IV. 23, ut quae celerem, etc. 

b. Qui, when equivalent to cum (although), w T ith a 



26 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

personal or demonstrative pronoun, requires the Sub- 
junctive. 

Qui nondum etiam omnia paterno funeri justa sol- 
visset, nudum eicit. Though he had not yet, <&c. 
(Cic. Rose. Am. 23.) 

c. Qui, when equivalent to si, with a personal or 
demonstrative pronoun, takes the Subjunctive under 
the same conditions as si. 

Nihil autem molestum quod non desideres. Noth- 
ing would give a man any trouble, if he were not to 
feel the want of it. (Cic. C. M. 47.) 

Non caret is qui non desiderat. If a man does 
not want any thing, he is not icithout it. (Id.) 

d. Qui requires the Subjunctive when introducing a 
clause in the Oratio obliqua (see Indirect Discourse). 

XIII. Temporal Clauses. 

For the most common temporal particles, see VIII. h. 

a. Cum (temporal) takes in narration the Imperfect 
and Pluperfect Subjunctive, if there is any relation of 
cause or effect between the two clauses w T hich it con- 
nects. 

The clause with cum usually precedes the leading 
clause. 

Ipse, cum primum pabuli copia esse inciperet, ad 
exercitum venit. (Caes. B. G. II. 2.) 

Cum ad oppidum accessisset, pueri pacem petierunt. 
(Id. 13.) 

Remark. — Cum, with the Imperfect Subjunctive, is best 
translated by *' while" or u as;" with the Pluperfect, by 
" after " or " having " — as cum venisset, after he had come, 
or having come. 



TEMPORAL CLAUSES. 27 

b. Cum (temporal), denoting simple time, takes the 
Indicative. This use is not common, as some idea of 
cause or effect is almost always present. 

Sulla, cum Damasippum jugulari jussit, quis non 
factum ejus laudabat. (Sail. Cat. 51.) 

Remark. — Cum, "whenever," takes the "completed" 
tenses of the Indicative, generally after the corresponding 
incomplete tenses. 

Cum proelio dimicare constituerunt, plerumque de- 
vovent. (Cass. B. G. VI. 17.) 

Cum autem ver esse coeperat, dabat se labori. 
(Cic. Ver. V. 27.) 

c. Antequam and priusquam are generally joined 
with the Subjunctive, when the writer wishes to imply 
that the action did not take place. But, if the action 
did take place, the Indicative is used. 

Sic omne prius est perfectum, quam intellegeretur 
ab Afranio castra muniri. (Caas. B. C. I. 41.) 

Non prius Viridovicem reliquosque dimittunt quam 
ab his sit concessum arma uti capiant. (Id. B. G. 
III. 18.) 

Inde ante discessit, quam ilium venisse audissem. 
Cic. Att. XIV. 20, 2.) 

Neque prius fugere destiterunt quam ad flumen per- 
venerunt. (CaBS. B. G. I. 53.) 

Hunc celeriter, priusquam ab adversariis sentiatur, 
communit. (Id. B. C. I. 54.) 

d. Dum, when signifying " until? and implying pur- 
pose, requires the Present or Imperfect Subjunctive. 

Dum reliquae naves eo convenirent, ad horam novam 
in ancoris exspectavit. He waited at anchor until 
the ninth hour, for the rest of the ships to assemble 



28 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

there (lit., until the ships should, &c). (Caes. B. G. 
V. 23.) 

Multa bello passus, dum conderet urbem. (Verg. 
A. I. 5.) 

Remark I. — Donee and quoad are occasionally used in 
the same manner. 

Remark II. — Dum, dummodo, and modo (negatively 
dum lie, &c.), meaning "provided," " if only," require the 
Present or Imperfect Subjunctive. 

Magno me metu liberabis, dum modo inter me atque te 
murus intersit. (Cic. Cat. I. 10.) 

Neque id quibus modis adsequeretur, dum sibi regnum 
pararet, quicquam pensi habebat. (Sail. Cat. 5.) 

Modo in quocumque fuerit actu probetur. (Cic. C. M. 
70.) 

e. Dum (while = u in the time that") generally takes 
the Present Indicative, giving it the force of the 
Imperfect. 

Dum haec in Venetis geruntur. (Cses. B. G. III. 17.) 
Haec dum inter eos aguntur. (Id. B. C. I. 36.) 
Dum haec parat. (Id. 37.) 

f. Dum, donee, quamdiu, and quoad (while = " all 
the time that" u so long as ") take the Indicative, gen- 
erally in the same tense as the leading verb. 

Dum longius ab munitione aberant Galii, plus multitu- 
dine telorum proficiebant. (Caes. B. G. VII. 82.) 

Donee eram sospes, tituli tangebar amore. (Ov. Trist. 
I. 1, 53.) 

Quam diu quisquam erit qui te defendere audeat, vives. 
(Cic. Cat. I. 6.) 

Quoad licebat latiore uti spatio, remos transcurrentes 
detergere contendebant. (Cses. B. C. I. 58.) # 



CAUSAL CLAUSES. 29 

g. Dum, donee, and quoad, meaning tf until" and not 
implying purpose, require the Indicative (cf. d. above). 

Mansit in condicione usque ad eum finem dum judices 
rejecti sunt. (Cic. Ver. I. 16.) 

Tamen usque eo timui, donee ad reiciundos judices 
venimus. (Id. Act. II. I. 17.) 

Milo autem cum in senatu fuisset eo die, quoad sena- 
tus est dimissus. (Id. Mil. 28.) 

Remark. — Notice that Csesar always uses dum (until) 
with the Subjunctive. 

h. Postquam, posteaquam, simul, simulac, simulatque, 
ubi, ut (ivhen or as), are followed by the Indicative. 

Nam postquam isti intellexerunt. (Cic. Rose. Am. 
28.) 

Posteaquam victoria constituta est. (Id. 16.) 

Caralitani, simul ad se Valerium mitti audierunt, Cottam 
ex oppido eiciunt. (Caes. B. C. I. 30.) 

Jam primum juventus, simulac belli patiens erat, mili- 
tiam discebat. (Sail. Cat. 7.) 

Sulmonenses, simulatque signa nostra viderunt, portas 
aperuerunt. (CaBS. B. C. I. 18.) 

Ubi de ejus adventu Helvetii certiores facti sunt, 
legatos ad eum mittunt. (Id. B. G. I. 7.) 

Sed Pompeius, ut equitatum suum pulsum vidit, acie 
excessit. (Id. B. C. III. 94.) 

Remark. — The Perfect Indicative after the above par- 
ticles is to be translated generally like the Pluperfect. 

XIV. Causal Clauses. 

a. Cum, "since" or "whereas" is followed by the 
Subjunctive. 



80 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Quae cum ita sint, Catilina, perge quo coepisti. 
(Cic. Cat. I. 10.) 

Cum pater hujusce nullo negotio sit occisus, perfacile 
hie homo de medio tolli potest. (Id. Rose. Am. 20.) 

Remark. — Cum, " in that" takes the Indicative, usually 
the same tense as that of the leading verb. 

De luxuria purgavit Erucius, cum dixit hunc ne in 
convivio quidem ullo fere interfuisse. (Id. 39.) 

b. Quod, quia, quoniam, take the Judicative when 
introducing the reason as given by the writer or 
speaker, otherwise the Subjunctive. 

Ita fit ut adsint propterea, quod officium sequuntur. 

(id. i.) 

Sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictu. 
(Ov. Metam. III. 87.) 

Vos, Quirites, quoniam jam nox est, in vestra tecta 
discedite. (Cic. Cat. III. 29.) 

Qui ejus consilii principes fuissent, quod intellegerent, 
quantam calamitatem civitati intulissent, in Britanniam 
profugisse. (Caes. B. G. II. 14.) 

Remark I. — Quando is used by poets and later writers 
(after Cicero and Caesar) in the same manner. 

Totum igitur excutiamus locum, quando universam 
institutionem aggressi sumus. (Quint. V. 7, 6.) 

Remark II. — Ubi, "inasmuch as," requires the Indica- 
tive. 

Neque mirum : ubi vos separatim sibi quisque con- 
silium capitis. (Sail. Cat. 52.) 

Remark III. — Ut, "inasmuch as," "for" requires the 
Indicative. 



CONCESSIVE CLAUSES. 31 

Aiunt hominem, ut erat f uriosus, respondisse. (Cic. 
Rose. Am. 33.) 

c. For qui, when used with a causal force, see XII. 

XV. Concessive Clauses. 

a. Cum, " although" requires the Subjunctive. 
Cicero, cum tenuissima valetudine esset, ne noctur- 

num quidem sibi tempus ad quietem reliuquebat. (Caes. 
B. G. V. 40.) 

b. Etsi, tametsi, quamquam, "although" used to 
" restrict or correct a preceding proposition," take the 
Indicative. 

Nam etsi sine ullo periculo proelium fore videbat, 
tamen committendum non putabat. (Caes. B. G. I. 46.) 

Ea tametsi vos parvi pendebatis, tamen res publica 
firma erat. (Sail. Cat. 52.) 

Romani quamquam proelio fessi erant, tamen quod 
Metellus morabatur, ins true ti obviam procedunt. (Sail. 
J. 53.) 

Quamquam hoc victore esse non possumus. (Cic. 
Lig. 18.) 

Remark I. — Csesar and Sallust seem to prefer the Im- 
perfect Indicative after these particles. 

Remark II. — Quamquam is followed by the Subjunctive 
in later writers and poets, and rarely in Cicero. Cf . Zumpt, 
§ 574 ; Roby, § 1697. 

Remark III. — Etsi, etiamsi, used as conditional rather 
than concessive particles, have the same construction as si 
(cf. Conditional Sentences) ; i.e., they take the Indica- 
tive when the truth or falsity of the statement is not implied, 
and the Subjunctive when the statement is not true. 

c. Quamvis, " although" " as much as you please" 
takes the Subjunctive. 



32 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Quamvis ille felix sit. (Cic. Rose. Am. 22.) 

Quamvis sit nocens. (Cic. Ver. I. 1.) 

d. Ut (negatively ut non), "supposing that? "even 
if? takes the Subjunctive. 

Ut enim cetera paria Tuberoni cum Varo fuissent, hoc 
certe praecipuum Tuberonis, quod juste cum imperio in 
provinciam suam venerat. (Cic. Lig. 27.) 
• e. Licet, "although? takes the Subjunctive. 

Licet Caecilium veteres laudibus ferant. (Quint. 
X. 1. 99.) 

Licet igitur paeona sequatur Ephorus. (Id. IX. 
4, 87.) 

Eemark. — Licet is properly a verb, meaning "it is 
allowable ," and ut is understood after it. 

f. For qui, with a concessive force, see XII. 

g. The Subjunctive is used also independently (as a 
leading verb) to denote concession. 

Fuerint cupidi, fuerint irati, f uerint pertinaces, "grant 
that they were? c&c. (Cic. Lig. 18.) 

XVI. Clauses of Comparison. 

a. Tamquam, tamquamsi, quasi, acsi, utsi, velut, veluti, 
velutsi, ceu (in poetry), "as if? are used to express 
what is assumed merely for the sake of comparison, and 
take the Present and Perfect Subjunctive, except after 
secondary tenses. 

Quasi res dubia sit. As if the matter were doubtful. 

Plurimi enim mentiuntur, et, tamquam non doceant 
causam, sed agant, loquuntur. (Quint. XII. 8, 9.) 

De D olabella, quod scripsi, suadeo videas, tamquam si 
tua res agatur. (Cic. Fam. II. 16, 7.) 

Negabat ullam vocem inimiciorem amicitiae potuisse 



CLAUSES OF COMPARISON. 33 

reperiri quam ejus qui dixisset, ita amare oportere ut si 
aliquando esset orsurus. (Cic. Lael. 59.) 

Quasi vero nescias hunc et ali et vestiri a Caeciiia. 
(Id. Rose. Am. 147.) 

Neque vero idem profici longo itineris spatio, ac si 
coram de omnibus condicionibus disceptetur. (Caes. 
B. C. I. 24.) 

Samnitium exercitus, velut haud ulla mora pugnae 
futura esset, aciem instruit. (Liv. VII. 37, 5.) 

Inque sinus caros, veluti cognosceret, ibat. (Ov. 
Metam. IV. 596.) 

Quae, velut si aliter facere fas non sit, quidam sequun- 
tur. (Quint. II. 13, 1.) 

Ceu cetera nusquam bella forent, nulli tota morerentur 
in urbe. (Verg. A. II. 438-9.) 

Eemaek. — Sicuti is used in the sense of quasi in Sail. 
Cat. 38, "Sicuti populi jura defenderet;" also in § 31, 
"Sicuti jurgio lacessitus foret." 

b. Clauses of eomparison take the Indicative when 
introduced by ac, atque, preceded by an adjective or 
adverb denoting identity, similarity, and the opposite. 

Cum totidem navibus atque erat profectus. (Xep. 
Milt. VII. 4.) 

Nam primum debeo sperare omnis deos pro eo mihi 
ac mereor relaturos esse gratiam. (Cic. Cat. IV. 3.) 

Sed aliter atque ostenderam facio. (Cic. Fara. II. 
3,2.) 

c. Ut, " as? denoting a comparison takes the Indica- 
tive. 

Ut sementem feceris, ita metes. (Cic. Or. II. 261.) 

3 



34 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

XVII. Interrogative Clauses. 

Questions may be asked directly or indirectly. 

a. All direct questions require the Indicative. 

Ubi eos convenit ? Where did he meet them ? (Cic. 
Rose. Am. 74.) 

b. All Indirect questions require the Subjunctive. 
Quaero quo modo occiderit. I ask in what way he 

hilled him. (Id. 73.) 

c. In asking a direct question we may use one of 
three particles : — 

-Ne (the enclitic) asks for information. 

Valesne ? Are you well ? 

Nonne expects the answer yes. 

Nonne vales ? You are well, ar'n't you ? 

Num expects the answer no. 

Num vales ? Tbu are not well, are you ? 

Remark I. — Nonne and num introduce the sentence ; 
-ne is attached to the verb, or, if particular emphasis is to be 
given to any one word, it is appended to that. 

Meministine me dicere in senatu ? (Cic. Cat. I. 7.) 
Nonne his vestigiis ad caput malefici perveniri solet ? 
(Id. Rose. Am. 74.) 

Num me f ef ellit res tanta ? (Id. Cat. I. 7.) 

Remark II. — In indirect questions num does not imply 
a negative answer. 

Qua re videte num dubitandum vobis sit. (Cic. 
Imp. Pomp. 19.) 

d. Direct questions may be introduced by any inter- 
rogative pronoun or adverb. 

Denique, quid reliqui habemus, praeter miseram ani- 
mam? (Sail. Cat. 20.) 



INTERROGATIVE CLAUSES. 35 

Quae quousque tandem patiemini?- (Id.) 

e. Direct questions are occasionally asked without 

any interrogative particle or pronoun. 

Tanti malefici crimen probare te censes posse ? 

(Cic. Rose. Am. 72.) 

Clodius insidias fecit Miloni ? (Id. Mil. 60.) 
Patsre tua consilia non sentis ? (Id. Cat. I. 1.) 

f. In answering a question, " yes " is expressed vari- 
ously ; e.g.) etiam, factum, ita, ita est, sane, sane quidem, 
vero, verum. 

" No " is expressed by minime vero, non minime, or 
strongly by immo or immo vero. 

Also the verb can be repeated. As, in the sentences 
given above, fecit and sentio, u he did? and " / do? 
non fecit and non sentio, "Ae did not? " I do not? are 
respectively the affirmative and negative answers of the 
questions. 

g. Double or alternative questions may be divided 
into four classes : — 

(1) Those which have utrum in the first part of the 
clause, and an in the second. 

Utrum pacem an bellum nobis datis ? Do you give 
us peace or war? 

Neve interesse quidquam putent utrum Trallis an 
Formias venerint. (Cic. Q. F. 17.) 

(2) Those which have -ne in the first part of the 
clause, and an in the second. 

Egone ero an tu ? Shall it be you or I? 

Sed diu magnum inter mortales certamen fuit, vine 
corporis an virtute animi, res militaris magis procederet. 
(Sail. Cat. 1.) 

Repetatne domum* an lateat silvis ? (Ov. Metam. 
III. 204-5.) 



36 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

(3) Those which have no interrogative particle in the 
first part, but an (sometimes anne) in the second. 

Ferro an fame acrius urgear incertus sum. 1 am 
not sure whether I am pressed the harder by the sword 
or by hunger. (Sail. J. 24.) 

Postremo, fugere an manere tutius foret, in incerto 
erat. (Id. 38.) 

(4) In indirect double questions we often find no 
particle in the first part of the clause, and -ne in the 
second part. 

Nihil interest, valeamus aegrine simus. It makes 
no difference whether we are well or sick. 

Ut in incerto fuerit, vicissent victine essent. (Liv. 
V. 28, 4.) 

Remark I. — In poetry we sometimes find -ne in both 
clauses. 

Sola Jovis conjunx non tarn culpetne probetne 
eloquitur. (Ov. Metam. III. 256.) 

Qui teneant, hominesne feraene, quaerere constituit. 
(Verg. A. I. 308.) 

Remark II. — The words u or not" are best translated 
in direct double questions by annon ; in indirect, by necne. 

Rexne Caesar futurus est, annon? Will Cozsar be 
king or not ? 

Incertus est utrum res: Caesar futurus sit, necne. 
He is uncertain whether Cazsar vrill be king or not. 

Remark III. — Notice that aut and vel are not used for 
"or" in double questions. 

" In double questions an and ne, 
Not aut or vel, the word must be." 



CLAUSES OF WISH, 37 

h. Si is occasionally used in the sense of "whether? 
and takes the Subjunctive of Indirect question. 

Hanc si nostri transirent, hostes exspectabant. 
(Cses. B. G. II. 9.) 

Circumfunduntur ex reliquis hostes partibus, si quern 
adituin reperire possint. (Id. VI. 37.) 

i. The first part of a double question is often omitted, 
the second part being introduced by an. A supposed 
objection that may be used by an opponent is often 
thus met. 

Quo ilia oratio pertinuit ? an, uti vos infestos con- 
jurationi faceret? (Sail. Cat. 51.) 

j. Forsitan (fors sit an), "it is a chance whether" 
"possibly? takes the Subjunctive of Indirect question. 

Quod a ceteris forsitan ita petitum sit. (Cic. Rose. 
Am. 4.) 

Remark. — Forsitan is occasionally followed by the In- 
dicative, especially in poetry. 

Forsitan, infelix, ventos undasque timebas. (Ov. 
Fast. II. 97.) 

XVIII. Clauses of Wish. 

a. A wish is expressed by the Subjunctive, often 
preceded by the particles uti, utinam, or O si. 

b. The Present Subjunctive is used when the wish 
may be fulfilled. 

Connciam tua consilia. I hope I may accomplish 
your designs. 

Ad quam utinam perveniatis. (Cic. C. M. 86.) 

c. The Imperfect Subjunctive is used when the w T ish 
cannot be fulfilled at the present time. 



38 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Utinam exstarent ilia carmina. I wish those songs 
were extant. 

Di facerent, sine patre forem. (Ov. Metam. VIII. 
72.) 

d. The Perfect Subjunctive is rarely used, except by 
early writers. 

e. The Pluperfect Subjunctive, when the wish was 
not fulfilled in the past. 

Utinam ille omnes secum suas copias eduxisset. I 
wish he had led forth with him all his confederates. 

Quod utinam minus vitae cupidi fuissemus. (Cic. 
Fam. XIV. 4, 1.) 

XIX. Clauses of Exhortation, Command, and^ 
Prohibition. 

a. An exhortation is expressed by the first person 
plural of the present Subjunctive. 

Imitemur maj ores nostros. Let us imitate our ances- 
tors. 

Hos latrones interficiamus. (Cass. B. G. VII. 38.) 

b. A command is expressed by the second person 
(rarely the third) of the Imperative, or mildly by the 
Present Subjunctive (and occasionally the Perfect). 

Mitte Marcum ad me. Send Marcus to me. 

Det pignus amoris. Let him give a pledge of love. 
(Ov. Metam. III. 283.) 

Hanc tollite crudelitatem ex civitate. (Cic. Rose. 
Am. 154.) 

Sint sane liberales ex sociorum fortunis. (Sail. 
Cat. 52.) 

Stygii quoque conscia sunto Numina. (Ov. Metam. 
III. 290.) 



SUBJUNCTIVE OF ESSENTIAL PART. 39 

Remark. — Fac and cura with the Subjunctive also 
express a command. 

Fac venias. Be sure and come. 
Cura ut valeas. Take care of your health. 
Fac ut amorem nostrum tanti aestimes. (Cic. Att. 
I. 18, 8.) 

Cura ut te quam primum videamus. (Id.) 

c. A prohibition (negative command) is expressed : — 

(1) By ne, with the third person of the Present or 
Perfect Subjunctive. 

(2) By ne, with the second person singular of the 
Perfect Subjunctive. 

(3) By noli, with the Present Infinitive. 

(4) By cave, with the Present or Perfect Subjunc- 
tive. 

Nequid rei tibi sit cum Saguntinis. Save nothing 
to do with the Saguntines. (Liv. XXI. 44, 5.) 
Ne transieris. Do not cross. (Id.) 
Noli tarn esse injustus. JBe not unjust. 
Cave hoc facias. Do not do this. 
Ne sint in senectute vires. (Cic. C. M. 34.) 
Hanc pati nolite diutius. (Id. Rose. Am. 154.) 
Cavete nequid acrius factum videretur. (Id. 153.) 

XX. Subjunctive of Essential Part. 

Any subordinate clause takes the Subjunctive when 
it is so closely connected with a Subjunctive clause, or 
an Infinitive, as to become an essential part of them. 

Petit, ut quae imperaverit audiat. He asks him to 
hear his commands. 

Here quae imperaverit is in the Subjunctive, because 
it is so closely connected with audiat. 



40 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Non dubitat quiii, si ipse Verrem convenisset, auctori- 
tate sua commovere homineni posset. (Cic. Yer. II. I. 
126.) 

Res hue erat deducta, ut, si priores montes attigissent, 
ipsi periculum vitarent. (Caes. B. C. I. 70.) 

Sic se quisque hostem ferire, murum adscendere, con- 
spici, dum tale f acinus faceret, properabat. (Sail. 
Cat. 7.) 

Ut, qui eum necasset, unde ipse natus esset, carer et eis 
rebus omnibus, ex quibus omnia nata esse dicuntur. 
(Cic. Rose. Am. 71.) 

XXL The Infinitive. 

a. The Infinitive expresses the action or state of the 
verb, and is used like a neuter noun, generally in the 
Nominative or Accusative case. 

b. The Infinitive, with or without a subject-accusa- 
tive, is used as the subject or predicate of esse and 
many impersonal verbs. 

Erat iniqua condicio postulare. It was an unjust 
proposal to demand. (Caes. B. C. I. 11.) 

Docuit majores nostros, quam praeclarum esset exteris 
gentibus imperare. (Cic. Ver. II. n. 2.) 

c. "The Infinitive, without a subject-accusative, is 
used after verbs denoting ability, obligation, intention, 
or endeavor ; after verbs signifying to begin, continue, 
cease, abstain, dare, determine, fear, hesitate, or be 
loont" 

This Infinitive is often called the "complementary" 
or " prolative " Infinitive. 

Venire non possum. I cannot come. 

Nemo tarn improbus inveniri poterit. (Cic. Cat. I. 5.) 



THE INFINITIVE. 41 

Caesar maturat ab urbe proficisci. (Cses. B. G. I. 7.) 

d. The Infinitive is used with a subject-accusative 
after verbs of saying, thinking, hearing, feeling, know- 
ing, hoping, promising, <$bc. 

This Infinitive may be called the Infinitive of the 
Oratio obliqua. 
Audivit zios venire. He heard that ice were coming. 
Memini Catonem mecum disserere. (Cic. Lael. 11.) 
Certior fiebat omnes Belgas conjurare. (Ca3s. B. G. 

ii. i.) 

(1) When the above verbs are changed to the %) as - 
sive, the subject of the Infinitive is changed to the 
nominative, and becomes their own subject. 

Alexander habuisse dicitur. (Cic. Arch. 24.) 

Remark I. — The Infinitive of 0. 0. sometimes omits its 
subject (when depending upon a verb in the active voice) , 
if it can be readily supplied from the context. 

Re nuntiata ad suos, quae imperarentur, facere dix- 
erunt. (Cass. B. G. II. 32.) 

Remark II. — When the subject of the Infinitive is 
omitted, a predicate noun or adjective is put in the same case 
as the subject of the verb on which the Infinitive depends. 

Fieri studebam doctior. I desired to become more 
learned. 

e. "Verbs which express the emotions of the mind 
may be followed by an Infinitive with a subject-accusa- 
tive to express the cause of the emotion." 

Haec perfecta esse gaudeo. I am delighted because 
these matters are settled. 

Quae perfecta esse et suum cuique honorem et 
gradum redditum gaudeo. (Cic. Rose. Am. 136.) 



42 THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 

Remark. — A causal clause is more frequently expressed 
by quod (or some other causal particle), with a finite verb. 
See Causal Clauses. 

f. In animated narration the Present Infinitive is 
used independently with the force of the Imperfect 
Indicative, and has its subject in the nominative. This 
is called the Historical Infinitive. 

Igitur reges populique fmitumi bello temptare ; pauci 
ex amicis auxilio esse. (Sail. Cat. VI.) 

g. The Infinitive with a subject-accusative is used 
independently to denote indignation or surprise. 

Mene incepto desistere victam? What/ I, baffled, 
give up my purpose? (Verg. A. I. 37.) 

h. The Infinitive is used to denote purpose in poetry. 

Non populare penatis venimus. We have come not 
to lay waste your homes. (Verg. A. I. 527.) 

L Sometimes the Infinitive is used by poets, depend- 
ing upon adjectives. 

Soli cantare periti Arcades. "None but Arcadians 
know how to sing." (Verg. B. X. 32.) 

Tu (bonus) ealamos inflare levis, ego dicere versus. 
(Id. V. 2 ; cf. Bryce's note on this passage.) 

j. In XXI. 5, it was said that the Infinitive could be 
the subject of Impersonal verbs. 

The following take an Infinitive witb the dative 
after: (certum est, necesse est), libet, licet, placet. 

The following take an Infinitive with the accusa- 
tive : constat, decet, oportet. 

For impersonal s that govern a clause with ut, see 
Consecutive Clauses. 

Remark. — After a secondary tense of oportere, debere, 

posse, and verbs of necessity, propriety, possibility, and the 
like, the present Infinitive is often best translated by the 
perfect in English. 



INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 



43 



Videbatur oninino mori non debuisse. (Cic. Arch. 
17.) 

XXII. Indirect Discourse. 

a. A direct quotation {Oratio recta) is one in 
which the speaker or writer uses the exact words of 
another. 

b. An indirect quotation ( Oratio obliqud) is one in 
which the exact words of the original speaker are made 
to depend upon some verb of saying, or equivalent 
phrase. 

Romam eras ibo. I sJiall go to Home to-morrow. 
(Oratio recta.) 

Dixit se Romam eras iturum esse. JSe said that he 
should go to Rome to-morrow. ( Oratio obliqua.) 

c. In changing from the Oratio recta to the Oratio 
obliqua, observe the following rules : — 

d. All leading verbs are to be changed to the In- 
finitive. 



(1) The Present 

and 
Imperfect 
(3) The Perfect 
and 
Pluperfect 

(2) The Future 

and 

Future Perfect ) 
(5) The Present, 
Imperfect, 
and Perfect 



>• Indicative 
y Indicative 
>- Indicative 



> Subjunctive 



<<D 



The 
Pluperfect 



> Subjunctive 



are 

changed 

to the 

are 

changed 

to the 

are 

changed 

to the 

are 

changed 

to the 

is 

changed 

to the 



Present 
Infinitive. 

Perfect 
Infinitive. 

Future 
Infinitive. 

Future 
Infinitive. 

Future Active. 

Participle 

with fuisse. 



44 



THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 



are 


Present 


changed 


or 


to the 


Imperfect 


are 


Perfect 


changed 


or 


to the 


Pluperfect 



(7) Exc. The Imperative and the Subjunctive (of 
command) of the Oratio recta are expressed by the 
Present or Imperfect Subjunctive in the Oratio ob- 
it qua. 

e. All subordinate verbs are usually changed- to, or 
retained in the Subjunctive, their tense depending upon 
the rule for sequence of tenses. 

(1) The Present, "] 

Imperfect, Indie- , , Subiunc- 

x > changed or V 

and ative , ,f T „ , tive. 

(2) Future 

(3) The Perfect, ] 

Pluperfect, \ Indie- , , Subiunc- 

1 1 > ,. changed or y A . 

and I ative ^ J\ ™ P A i tive. 

(4) Future Perfect j 

(8) Exc. Questions, which in the Oratio recta were 
asked in the first or third persons, are expressed in the 
Oratio obliqua by the Accusative with the Infinitive. 

(1) Si domi es, bene est. If you are at home, it is 
well. 

(1) Dicit, si domi sis, bene esse. He says that, if 
you are at home, it is well. 

(1) Dixit, si domi esses, bene esse. He said that, if 
you were at home, it was well. 

(2) Si domum ibis, bene erit. If you go home, it 
will be icell. 

(2) Dicit, si domum eas, bene fore. He says that, 
if you go home, it will be loell. 

(2) Dixit, si domum ires, bene fore. He said that, 
if you went home, it icould be well. 

(3) Si regem vidisti, hominem nobilem vidisti. If 
you saio the king, you saw a renowned person. 

(3) Dicit te, si regem videris, hominem nobilem 



INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 45 

vidisse. He says that you saw a renowned man, if 
you saw the king. 

(3) Dixit te, si regem vidisses, hominem nobilem 
vidisse. He said that you saw a renowned man, if 
you saw the king. 

(4) Si Caesari nupseris, bene erit. If you marry 
Ccesar, it will be icell. 

(4) Dicit, si Caesari nupseris, bene fore. He says 
that, if you marry Ccesar, it will be icell. 

(4) Dixit, si Caesari nupsisses; bene fore. He said 
that, if you married Ccesar, it would be well. 

(5) Si quid habeas, des. If you icere to have any 
thing, you would give it. 

(5) Dixit te, si quid haberes, daturum esse. Me 
said that, if you were to have any thing, you would 
give it. 

(6) Si valuisses, gavisus esses. If you had been 
well, you would have rejoiced. 

(6) Dixit te, si valuisses, gavisurum fuisse. He said 
that you would have rejoiced, if you had been well. 

(7) Si quidquam invenies me mentitum esse, occi- 
dito. If you find that I have told any falsehood, 
kill me. 

(7) Dixit, si quidquam inveiiires se mentitum esse, 
occideres. He said that, if you found that he had 
told any falsehood, you should kill him. 

(8) Si veteris contumeliae oblivisci volo, num etiam 
recentium injuriarum memoriam deponere possum? 

(8) Respondit, si . . . vellet, num . . . posse ? 
f The above rules will be illustrated by the follow- 
ing: — 



46 



THE LATIN SUBJUNCTIVE. 



0. JR. 

Mihi semper prima rei- 
publicae fuit dignitas vita- 
que potior. Dolui quod 
populi Romani beneficium 
mihi per contumeliam ab 
inimicis extorquetur, erep- 
toque semenstri imperio 
in urbem retrahor, cujus 
absentis rationem haberi 
proximis comitiis populus 
jussit; tamen hanc jactu- 
ram honoris mei reipub- 
licae causa aequo animo 
tuli. 

Magis consuetudine mea 
quam merito vestro civita- 
tem conservabo, si prius, 
quam murum aries attigerit, 
vos dedideritis : sed dedi- 
tionis nulla est condicio, 
nisi armis traditis. Id, quod 
in Nerviis feci, faciam, finiti- 
misque imperabo, ne quam 
dediticiis populi Romani 
injuriam inferant. 



Unum petimus ac depre- 
camur : si forte pro tua cle- 
msntia ac mansuetudine, 
quam ipsi ab aliis audimus, 
statueris Aduatucos esse 
conservandos, ne nos ar- 
mis despoliaveris. 



o. o. 

Sibi semper primam rei- 
publicae fuisse dignitatem 
vitaque potiorem. Dolu- 
isse se, quod populi Ro- 
mani beneficium sibi per 
contumeliam ab inimicis 
extorqueretur, ereptoque 
semenstri imperio in urbem 
retraheretur, cujus absentis 
rationem haberi proximis 
comitiis populus jussisset; 
tamen hanc jacturam hono- 
ris sui reipublicae causa 
aequo animo tulisse. 

(Cces. B. C. I. 9.) 

Se magis consuetudine 
sua quam merito eorum 
civitatem conservaturum 
si prius, quam murum aries 
attigisset, se dedidissent : 
sed deditionis nullam esse 
condicionem nisi armis tra- 
ditis. Se id, quod in Ner- 
viis fecisset, facturum fini- 
timisque imperaturum, ne 
quam dediticiis populi Ro- 
mani injuriam inferrent. 

(Id. B. G. II. 32.) 

Unum petere ac depre- 
cari: si forte pro sua de- 
mentia ac mansuetudine, 
quam ipsi ab aliis audirent, 
statuisset Aduatucos esse 
conservandos, ne se armis 
despoliaret. (Id. 31.) 



INDIRECT DISCOURSE. 47 

Remark. — Notice that these subordinate sentences, which 
are introduced by a relative equivalent to et with the corre- 
sponding demonstrative, have occasionally their verb in the 
Infinitive in the O.O. 

Cujus rei magnam partem laudis atque existima- 
tionis ad Libonem perventuram. (CaBS. B. C. I. 26.) 
Cujus = et ejus. 



INDEX TO THE EXAMPLES. 



Caesar, B. G. 


Page 


Book I. 




§2 


15 


2 


22 


3 


18 


4 


17 


4 


17 


4 


18 


4 


19 


6 


15 


7 


29 


7 


41 


17 


17 


19 


16 


20 


14 


31 


17 


31 


18 


34 


22 


35 


15 


35 


15 


36 


22 


41 


14 


42 


22 


45 


15 


46 


15 


46 


31 


47 


17 


53 


27 


Book II. 




§1 


41 


2 


18 


2 


26 


3 


13 


4 


17 


5 


15 


5 


21 


9 


37 


10 


22 


11 


21 


13 


26 


14 


30 


19 


25 


20 


15 


21 


25 


23 


18 


31 


46 


32 


41 


32 


46 



Caesar, B. G. 


Page' 


Book III. 




§3 


23 


6 


15 


11 


20 


15 


15 


17 


28 


18 


27 


19 


14 


22 


17 


Book IV. 




§5 


19 


12 


21 


22 


17 


23 


25 


26 


10 


Book V. 




§1 


19 


8 


15 


9 


17 


19 


22 


23 


28 


35 


10 


35 


10 


40 


31 


Book YI. 




§17 


27 


24 


24 


37 


37 


Book VH. 




§38 


5 


38 


38 


67 


2 


77 


4 


82 


28 


C&esar, B. C. 




Book I. 




§9 


46 


11 


40 


14 


21 


18 


29 



Book I. 

19 
19 
21 
22 
24 
26 
30 
36 
37 
41 
41 
54 
58 
70 
72 

Book III. 

§44 
94 

Cicero, 
Cat. I. 

§ i 

5 
6 

7 

7 
10 
10 
26 
29 

Cat. II. 
§21 

Cat. HI. 

§21 

29 

Cat. IV. 

'I 

4 



Page 

14 

23 
20 
14 
33 
47 
29 
28 
23 
17 
27 
27 
28 
40 
9 



Cicero, 


Page 


Cat. IV. 




16 


25 


Arch. 




§3 


14 


4 


23 


9 


13 


16 


2 


17 


43 


23 


1 


24 


3 


24 


25 


24 


41 


25 


7 


25 


8 


25 


19 


29 


2 


Hose. Am. 




§1 


22 


1 


30 


2 


6 


2 


8 


2 


13 


3 


3 


4 


17 


4 


24 


4 


37 


16 


8 


16 


24 


16 


29 


17 


6 


17 


16 


17 


24 


18 


6 


20 


20 


20 


30 


22 


32 


23 


25 


23 


26 


24 


21 


28 


29 


33 


31 


36 


19 


39 


30 


65 


23 


71 


23 



50 



INDEX TO THE EXAMPLES. 



Cicero, 


Page 


Rose. Am. 




71 


40 


72 


5 


72 


7 


72 


35 


73 


4 


73 


8 


73 


34 


74 


20 


74 


34 


74 


34 


75 


8 


75 


19 


96 


22 


130 


3 


135 


7 


136 


24 


136 


41 


143 


15 


147 


33 


149 


21 


150 


1 


153 


4 


153 


16 


153 


39 


154 


24 


154 


38 


154 


39 


Ver. I. 




§1 


32 


3 


3 


5 


5 


9 


6 


14 


17 


16 


29 


18 


3 


25 


23 


Ver. II. I 




§17 


29 


38 


7 


126 


40 


Ver. II. II. 




§2 


40 


Ver. II. in. 




§145 


6 


153 


2 


156 


25 


157 


7 


199 


3 


Ver. II. iv. 




§ 10 


6 


48 


2 


61 


16 


Ver. II. v. 




§27 


27 


Milo. 




§11 


7 



Cicero, 


Page 


Milo. 




28 


29 


60 


35 


Marc. 




§24 


18 


Lig. 




§16 


20 


18 


31 


18 


32 


27 


32 


De Imp. 




§19 


34 


50 


7 


57 


24 


68 


18 


Deiot. 




§34 


24 


C. M. 




§8 


5 


16 


23 


19 


5 


19 


6 


21 


9 


32 


8 


32 


8 


33 


8 


34 


39 


47 


26 


47 


26 


67 


8 


70 


28 


72 


10 


77 


15 


86 


37 


153 


39 


Lael. 




§4 


24 


10 


4 


11 


41 


16 


4 


59 


33 


Att. 




I. 18, 8 


39 


II. 20, 5 


6 


XIV. 20, 2 


27 


Fam. 




II. 16, 7 


32 


II. 3, 2 


33 


V. 5, 2 


4 


VII. 30, 2 


2 


IX. 6, 1 


14 


XII. 7, 2 


8 


XIV. 4, 1 


1 


Id. 


38 



Cicero, 
DeOif. 

III. 118 

De Orat. 

1.35 
I. 163 
II. 261 

N D. 

11.44. 

Phil. 

11.99 
V. 49 

Q. F. 
§17 

Tusc. 
I. 32, 78 

Sallust, 
Cat. 

§ { 

1 
3 
5 
6 

7 

7 
11 
11 
17 
20 
20 
22 
31 
38 
39 
41 
51 
51 
51 
. 51 
52 
52 
52 
52 
53 
54 
58 
58 

Jug. 
§24 

25 

38 

53 

85 



Page 

7 



22 



35 



Livy. 

V.4, 8 

V. 28, 4 

VII. 37, 5 

XXI. 44, 5 



Nepos, 
Att. 

§21,5 

Milt. 
§ 7,4 

Ovid, 
Met. 

II. 390 

III. 87 

„ 204 
„ 256 
„ 283 
„ 290 

IV. 596 

VIII. 72 

Fast. 
11.97 

Trist. 

I. I. 53 

Quintilian. 

II. 13, 1 
III. 8, 23 

V. 7, 6 

IX. 4, 87 

X. 1, 99 
„ ,,131 

XII. 8, 9 

Virgil, 
.aSneid. 

1.5 

„37 
,,308 
,,327 
,,527 
II. 438 
„ 600 

Georgics. 
II. 133 

Bucolics. 

V. 2 
X. 32 



GENERAL INDEX. 



[The numbers not bracketed refer to the page.] 



Accidit, 22 (2). 
An, 35, g. 

Antequam, 27, c. 
Apodosis, 1. 

Causa, with genitive, 20, g (5) and 
(6). 

Causal particles, 11 (a); clauses, 
29, XIV. 

Cave, 20, e. 

Certum est, with infinitive, 42,/. 

Cogo, 15, Exc. a, and Remark.' 

Commands, 38, b ; negative, 39, c ; 
indirect, 44 (7). 

Comparison, clauses of, 32, XVI. 

Complementary infinitive, 40, c. 

Complete action, tenses of, 12. 

Conditional particles, 11, c; sen- 
tences, 1-11. 

Conditions, present, 1 ; past, 2 ; 
future, 3 ; general, 9-10 ; im- 
plied, 8, a. 

Consecutive clauses, 20. 

Constat, with infinitive, 42, j. 

Contendo, 15, Exc. b. 

Contingit, 22 (2). 

Cum (temporal), 26, a ; 27, b; 
(causal), 29, a; (whenever), 27, 
Remark ; (in that), 30, Remark. 

Decet, with infinitive, 42, /. 

Deterreo, 16 (3). 

Donee, 28, Remark I. 

Dura, until, 27, d; provided, 28, 

Remark II; while, 28, e and/. 
Dummodo, 28, Remark II. 



Efficio, 21 (1). 

Etsi, 31, 6, and Remark III. 

Facio ut, 21, b (1). 
Fearing, verbs of, 16 (2). 
Final clauses, 13, X. 
Forsitan, 37, j. 

General conditions, 9, VII. 
Gerund, gerundive, 20 (3), (4), (5), 

and (6). 
Gratia, with genitive, 20 (5) and (6). 

Hindrance, verbs and phrases of, 
16 (3). 

Idoneus, with qui and the subjunc- 
tive, 24 (3). 

Impedio, 16 (3). 

Imperative, in present conditions, 
4, a; in future conditions, 6, h; 
of command, 38, b. 

Imperfect subjunctive in present 
conditions, 2, b; indicative in 
clauses denoting customary ac- 
tion, 10, b. 

Impersonals, 22 (2), 40, b, 42,/. 

Indicative, in conditional clauses, 
1, «, 2, fl, 3, a ; in apodosis, 6, ", 
7, b; in causal clauses, 30, b; 
in temporal clauses, 27, b and c. 

Indignus, with qui and the subjunc- 
tive, 24 (3). 

Indirect discourse, 43. 

Infinitive, 40 ; after jubeo, etc., 15, 
Exc. a; after verbs of wishing, 
15, Exc. c. 



52 



GENERAL INDEX. 



Interdico, 16 (3). 
Intercedo, 16 (3). 

Interrogative particles, 11 (f) ; sen- 
tences, 34-37. 

Jubeo, 15, Exc. a. 

Libet, with infinitive, 42,/. 
Licet, with infinitive, 42, j. 
Longe abest, 22 (2). 

Modo, with subjunctive, 28, Re- 
mark II. 

Ne, with subjunctive, 13, X.; in 

prohibitions, 39, c. 
-N~e, in interrogative clauses, 34, c. 
Necesse est, with infinitive, 42, j ; 

with subjunctive, 19 (6). 
Nisi, 1. 

Nitor, 15, Exc. b. 
Nonne, in interrogative clauses, 

34, c. 
Kum, in interrogative clauses, 34, 

c, and Remarks I. and II. 

Obsisto, 16 (3). 

Obsto, 16 (3). 

Officio, 16 (3). 

Oportct, with infinitive, 42, j; with 

subjunctive, 19 (6). 
O si, in clauses of wish, 37, a. 
Oratio obliqua, 43-47. 

Particles, enumeration of different, 

11, VIII. 
Patior, 15, Exc. a and Remark. 
Perficio, 21 (1). 
Placet, 22 (2), 42,,/. 
Postquam, 29, h. 
Present indicative with force of 

future, 7, c. 
Priusquam, 27, c. 
Prohibeo, 16 (3). 
Prohibitions, 39, c. 
Pure final clauses, 13, a. 
Purpose, ways of expressing, 20, g. 

Quamquam, 31, b. 

Quamvis, 31, c. 

Questions, direct, 34, a; indirect, 

34, b. 
Qui, uses of, 25, XII. 



Quia, 30, b. 

Quin, in final clauses, 17 (4) ; in 
consecutive clauses, 24, Remark. 
Quippe qui, 25, Remark. 
Quo, in final clauses, 14, Remark. 
Quoad, 28, Remark I., 29, g. 
Quominus, 16 (3). 
Quoniam, 30, b. 

Recuso, 16 (3). 

Relative clauses of purpose, 19, c; 

of result, 23, c; other relative 

clauses, 25, XII. 
Relinquitur, 22 (2). 
Reliquum est, 22 (2). 
Repugno, 16 (3). 
Restat, 22 (2). 
Result, clauses of, 20, XI. 
Retineo, 16 (3). 

Sequitur, 22 (2). 

Si, introduces the protasis, 1 ; 

whether, 37, h, 
Simulac, 29, h. 

Sin, introduces the protasis, 1. 
Stare per, 16 (3). 
Subordinate verbs, 11, VIII. 
Supine, former, 20, g (8;. 

Tantum abest, 22 (2). 

Tempero, 16 (3). 

Temporal particles, 11, h; clauses, 

26. 
Teneo, 16 (3). 

Ubi, inasmuch as, 30, Remark II. 

Ubi, in clauses denoting customary 
action, 10, b. 

Ut, as final particle, 13, X. ; as con- 
secutive particle, 20, XT.; inas- 
much as, 30, Remark III.; as, 
33, c; with verbs of fearing, 
16 (2). 

Uti, 13, X., 37, a. 

Utinam, 37, a. 

Utrum, 35, g. 

Veluti, velut si, 32, a. 
Veto, 15, Exc. a. 
Volo, 15, Exc. c. 

Wish, clauses of, 37. 



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■•"/ ; •■,.'' ^'-' - '*■ •■■ " 


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